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| Medieval History : The TajMahal |
● Made in the times of Bhoj, an idol of ‘Vakdevi’ is at present
preserved in the British Museum.
● The Jain temples of Dilwara were constructed during the period of
Parmars.
● In Udaipur Prashasti, Munj is entitled ‘Kavi Vrish’ due to his
literary attainments.
● Qutubuddin was purchased as a slave in his childhood by Qazi
Fakruddin Abdul Aziz Koofi.
● Qutubuddin did not issue coins or got ‘Khutba’ read in his name after
accession to Delhi throne.
● Qutubuddin Aibak was buried at Lahore after his death.
● Iltutmish established the Shamsi dynasty.
● Iltutmish organized the group of his 40 slaves which is famous in
history as Turkan-i-Chahalgami.
● Yalduz and Nasiruddin Qubacha were prominent rivals of Iltutmish.
● Iltutmish organized the ‘Iqta army’.
● Iltutmish issued the coins—‘Taka’ of silver and ‘Jeetal’ of copper.
● Iltutmish was the first Sultan who issued pure Arabic coins.
● On 18th February, 1229, the representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad
came to Delhi and they gave the Investiture of the Caliph to Iltutmish. The
Caliph thus accepted him as the Sultan of Delhi. Now Delhi became a free state
legitimately.
● According to Barni, Balban organized his Court on the Iranian
pattern.
● Balban started the system of ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’ during his reign.
● Balban’s theory of kingship was based upon—Power, Prestige and
Justice. His main objective was to maintain his control upon the administrative
officials.
● The Mongol leader Changez Khan was known as the ‘Curse of God’.
● The coronation of Jalaluddin Feroz Shah was done in 1290 at the
Kilokhari Apurna Palace built by Kaikubad.
● At the time of his accession on the Delhi Sultanate, Alauddin Khalji
assumed the title of Abul Mujaffar Sultan Alauddinia and Deen Mohammad Shah
Khalji.
● Jalaluddin Feroz Shah Khalji granted to Alauddin Khalji, the post of
Amir-i-Tujuk.
● During Alauddin’s time approximately 75 to 80 per cent of the
peasant’s produce was charged as tax.
● The main tasks of Diwan-i-Ariz were to recruit the soldiers, to
disburse the salary, to well equip the army, to make arrangements for
inspection and to proceed with the Commander-in-Chief in times of war.
● The main tasks of the Diwan-i-Insha was to draft royal orders and
letters and to maintain the govt. records. He also conducted correspondence
with the local officers.
● Alauddin Khalji introduced market reforms and fixed the prices of
various items and goods.
● Munhiyan or detectives were appointed to keep a watch over the market
and report the Sultan of the same.
● Barid-i-Mandi was an employee who informed the Sultan of the quality
of the material sold in the market.
● ‘Khams’ was the war booty. The 4/5 of the loot was submitted to the
royal treasury. Only 1/5 was distributed among the soldiers.
● Alauddin Khalji established a new department Diwan-i-Mustakharaj in
order to check the corruption of Revenue department and to maintain control on
the concerned officers.
● Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah rejected the rigid rules of Alauddin Khalji
and pursued the policy of forgive and forget.
● Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Ghazi was a Qaruna turk.
● Mohammad Tughlaq has been called, an unfortunate idealist
● Due to shortage of money in the treasury and to meet the expenses of
Imperialist policy, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq issued token currency.
● Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq planned invasion of Khurasan and Iraq but did
not carry it out.
● Diwan-i-Kohi was the name of agriculture department organized by
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
● Elphinston was the first historian who believed that there was some
signs of madness in Mohammad Tughlaq.
● Feroz Shah abolished 24 taxes disliked by people.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq following dictum of Quran. levied only 4 taxes
named Kharaj, Khums, Zazia and Zakat.
● Feroz Shah brought the two Asokan pillars from Khijrabad and Meerut
to Delhi.
● During the period of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the two books
Fatwa-i-Jahandari and Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi were written by Barni.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography entitled Futuhat-i-Firoz
Shahi.
● Feroz Shah Tughlaq established a new department of charity at Delhi
known as Diwan-i-Khairat.
● Feroz Shah’s book ‘Dalayat-i-Feroz Shahi’ was a work translated into
Persian.
● Taimur invaded India in 1398.
● Sikandar Lodhi was the greatest of the Lodhi kings.
● In the Sultanate period, the Wazir was the Prime Minister of the
Sultan.
● The department of the Wazir was known as the Diwan-i-Wizarat.
● In the Sultanate period, the Mushrif-i-Mumaliq maintained the account
of the income and expenditure of the provinces.
● In the Sultanate period, the Chief Auditor of Accounts was called
Mustafa-i-Mamaliq. His main work was to inspect the accounts prepared by
Mushraf-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of military department was called, Ariz-i-Mamaliq who was
not the Commander-in-Chief of the army.
● Dabir-i-Khas was the chairman of the correspondence department.
● Department of Diwan-i-Insha worked under Dabir-i-Khas who issued the
royal Firmans (orders).
● The Treasurer was called Khajij and the Chief Justice was called
Qazi-i-Mamaliq.
● The Chief of the Construction department was called Mir-i-Imarat.
● The Public Hall of the Sultan was called Durbar-i-Azam.
● The Sultan divided the empire into Iqtas orprovinces.
● Iqta was divided into samll shiks or districts.
● Jakat was the tax which covered the taxes of ‘Sadpa’ and ‘Tith’.
● Qutubuddin Aibak had built the mosque known as Quwwattul-Islam near
the Delhi Fort of Rai Pithora.
● The famous mosque at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was
constructed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
● Dhai Din Ka Jhopra was earlier a Sanskrit school which was built by
Vigrahraj Bisaldeo.
● Alai Darwaza which is considered to be the most precious jewel of
Islamic architecture was built by Alauddin Khalji.
● The new city of Siri and the Hazaar Situn palace in this city were
built by Alauddin Khalji.
● In the period of Sikander Lodhi, his Wazir built the Moth mosque.
● The mosque of Attala is one of the best buildings of Sharqi style.
● The Jhajhanri mosque at Jaunpur was built by Ibrahim Sharqi in about
1430.
● The most important mosque at Jaunpur known as Jami mosque was built
by Hussain Shah Sharqi.
● The mosque of Lal Darwaza at Jaunpur, was built in the middle of the
15th century.
● The Vijay Nagar kingdom was divided into 6 provinces. The chief of
the province was known as Prantpati or Nayak.
● The province was divided into Nadu or districts.
● The provincial rulers were allowed to issue their coins.
● In the Vijay Nagar empire Brahmans were the most respected. The
criminal Brahman was exempled from capital punishment.
● Women enjoyed honourable status. Many of them learnt the art of warfare.
They were appointed as bodyguards.
● Krishnadeo Ray is designated as the Andhra Pitamah.
● Gold coins were used and they were called ‘Barah’.
● Mixed metal coins were called Partab.
● Kabir who adopted the Gyanashrayi branch of the Nirgun sect, was the
disciple of Ramanand.
● Namdeo was born in a small village of Satara district in 1220.
● Sabad refer to the composition related to Yog Sadhana.
● Guru Nanak was born in a small village Talwandi near Lahor.
● To reform a society ridden with ritualism and superstitious, he
preached the Nirguna sect.
● The fifth Sikh Guru Arjundeo systematized the composition of Guru
Nanak in ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
● Malik Mohammad Jayasi earned great name and fame for his work
Padmavat.
● The first invasion of Babar on India was conducted in 1519. During
this invasion, he conquered Bajaur and Bhera. He went back from here. When he
left these two places were lost to the Moghuls.
● Babar again invaded India in 1526, for the fifth time and he did not
go back this time. He founded the Moghul empire in India.
● He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi by adopting his trusted war tactics of
Tulughma.
● Babar used Artillery for the first time in the battle of Panipat.
● Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in the battle of Khanva in 1527.
He scored a victory over Afghans in battle of ‘Ghaghara’ in 1529.
● Babar declared the Chanderi war as Jehad and he constructed a
minarate of the heads of the dead Rajputs.
● Babar wrote his autobiography Tujuk-i-Babri in Turkish language.
● Mirza Haider Speaks about numerous qualities of Babar in his
book—Tarikh-i-Rashidi.
● Babar’s daughter Gulbadan Begum enumerated the qualities of Babar in
her book, Humayun Nama.
● Babar in his reign abolished the tax Tamagha.
● Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in Turkish poetry which was orginally
the work of Khwaja Obei-dullah.
● Babar learnt the use of artillery from Ustad Ali and Mustafa—his two
Turkish officers.
● The name of Humayun’s mother was Maham Sultana.
● In 1544 Humayun took shelter with Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Iran.
● In July 1555, Humayun again occupied the throne of Delhi.
● Humayun died on 27 January, 1556 as a result of a sudden fall from
the stairs of the Din-Panah Library.
● Shershah was a great conqueror. He fought and won a grim battle
against Maldeo of Marwar.
● Shershah introduced currency reform, extanded transport system by
building, roads, most famous being present day G. T. Road and reformed revenue
system by classifying agricultural land and introducing measurement of land.
● During the administration of Shershah, the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked
after the tax system and economy and maintained the accounts of the income and
expenditure of the State.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to recruit the army, supply the food and
look after education.
● The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to conduct correspondence with other
States and to maintain contact with them.
● The duty of the Diwan-i-Insha was to write emperor’s orders and
records of accounts.
● The credit to solve the early difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard
the Mughal empire goes to Bairam Khan.
● From 1556 to 1560 the reins of Mughal administration remained in the
hands to Bairam Khan.
● At Tilwara, a war was fought between Bairam Khan and the army of
Akbar. Bairam Khan was defeated.
● In early days of his rule Akbar was under the influence of Harem
particularly his foster another Maham Anga. This is why some historian call the
early years of Akbar as ‘Purda-rule’ or Petticoat government.
● When Maham Anga died, the so-called short Petticoat government of
Akbar’s time ended.
● In 1562 Akbar abolished the slavery system.
● Akbar was the first muslim ruler who got maximum success in
Rajasthan.
● Akbar’s second attack on Gujarat is considered to be not only the
fastest invasion of Akbar’s time but the fastest in the history of the world of
that age.
● In 1595 during Akbar’s time. Muzaffar Hussain was the Persian
Governor of Qandahar.
● Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano Begum was a religious lady of a Sufi Shia
family.
● Raja Birbal died fighting on the royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi
rebellion during Akbar’s time.
● In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri where every
Thrusday, religious deliberation were held.
● Akbar was also impressed by Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain
scholar Heer Vijay Suri from Tam Gachh in Gujarat to know about this religion.
● Impressed by Zorastrianism, the holy fire was kept burning in Akbar’s
palace.
● Following the tradition of Hindu kings, Akbar started appearing for
Darshan of his people from the Jharokha of his palace.
● In Akbar’s time, the Prime Minister was known Wazir or
Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
● In Akbar’s time, the Finance Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.
● Mujaffar Khan was the first to be appointed as Wazir during Akbar’s
time.
● The assistants of Deewan, known as Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the
accounts of the Army.
● Another assistant of Deewan, Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the
Industries of different kinds.
● The officer who managed the royal treasury was known as
Mushrif-i-Khazana.
● Meer Saman in Akbar’s time, managed the affairs of the royal palace,
Haram and kitchen.
● In Akbar’s time, Amal Guzar was the officer who collected the revenue
from the districts.
● Bitikchi prepared the data about the quality of land and its produce.
On the same basis, the Amal Guzar fixed the revenue. Bitikchi was the second
important officer in the Revenue department.
● Amil collected the revenue from the Pargana.
● In Akbar’s time, the clerk was called Karkun. His main task was to
record the cultivable land in the Pargana and keep an account of the realized
and unrealized revenue.
● Akabar introduced Mansabdari system with its ranks of Jat and Sawar
based on decimal system.
● According to Blochman, Zat was the definite number of soldiers, the
Mansabdars had to keep with them.
● According to Blochman the Sawar meant the definite number of cavalry.
● In Akbar’s time, there were four kinds of land—Polaj, Chacher,
Parauti and Banjar.
● In Akbar’s time, Ibrahim Sarhindi translated the Sanskrit text of
Atharva Ved in Persian.
● Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.
● Maulana Sherry translated Hari Vansh Puran in Persian.
● Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra in Persian.
● Faizi translated the story of Nal Damayanti in Persian.
● The history of Islam was compiled in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous
book.
● Akbar established a separate department of Painting, the chairman of
this department was the famous painter Khwaja Abdus Samad.
● Abdussamad was an inhabitant of Persia who came to India from Shiraz.
He was adorned with the title of Shirin Qalam for his attainments.
● Mohammad Hussain, the famous author of Akbar’s Court was adorned with
the title of Zari Qalam.
● Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.
● The first building of Akbar’s time was Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built
under the guidance of his step mother Haji Begum.
● The main mason who built Humayun’s tomb belonged to Iran and his name
was Mirza Meerak Ghyas.
● Akbar was born on Sunday. Hence Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious
day.
● Nur Jahan was an educated lady. She was specially interested in
music, painting and poetry. She composed poetry in Persian.
● The first Englishman to come to the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.
● Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the guardian and tutor of Jahangir.
● The English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe came to India during Jahangir’s
time.
● The Jahangir’s autobiography is Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.
● Shahjahan was born on 5 January, 1592 at Lahore. The name of his
mother was Jagat Gosain.
● Two big rebellions broke out during Shahjahan’s time. One was the
revolt of the ruler of Bundelkhand named Jujhar Singh and the other was the
revolt in south under the leadership of Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi.
● The title of Malika-i-Zamani was conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.
● The first coronation of Aurangzeb was performed on 31 July, 1658 and
the second coronation took place on 15 June, 1659.
● Aurangzeb passed an order and prohibited the repairs of the temples
by the Hindus.
● Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and Muhatsibs to check the spread of
education and Hinduism.
● Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon Hindus.
● Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders paid 5% tax on goods while the
Muslim traders were free from this tax.
● Aurangzeb issued orders to prohibit the celebration of Holi, Diwali
and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.
● Gokul and Raja Ram were the leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb.
After the death of Rajaram, his brother’s son named Churaman continued the
revolt. The Jat rebellion went on till the death of Aurangzeb and the Jats
succeeded in establishing a free Jat state of Bharatpur near Mathura.
● In 1681, Akbar, the son of Aurangzeb revolted against him.
● The 9th Guru of the Sikh order, Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested
against the religious policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and
asked him to accept Islam. When he refused, he was beheaded.
● Shivaji was the founder of Maratha State. He fought against the state
of Deccan, as well as the mughal empire. He was a great administrator.
● Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji who was captured and put to death
by Aurangzeb.
● Rajaram ruled only as the representative of Shahu—the son of
Shambhaji who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Rajaram never occupied the Maratha
throne.
● After the death of Raja Ram Maratha war of independence was carried
on by his wife Tarabai.
● VascodeGama came to India as the representative of the ruler of
Portugal. He met Zamorin of Calicut and obtained trade facilities.
● In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted the Portuguese the monopoly to
trade with the east.
● From 1505 to 1509, Almeda remained in India as the first Portuguese
Governor.
● Albukirk was the successor of Almeda in India. His objective was to
establish a Portuguese colony in India by intermarrying with Indians.
● After coming to India, the Dutch established their trade centres at
Surat, Bharaunch, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Chinsura, Kasim Bazar, Patna, Balasore,
Nagapattanam, Kochin, Masulipattanam and Agra.
● The main aim of the Dutch was to trade with the Islands of south-east
Asia. India was just a passage for them. This is why the Dutch faced no rivalry
with other European companies.
● In 1608, under the leadership of Captain Hawkins, the English fleet
reached India.
● In 1717 the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar granted a Firman to the British
giving them the trade rights.
● In 1692, the Nawab of Bengal issued an order to the French Company
and they established a commercial Factory at Chandranagar.
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